10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic, the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism. States jealous of their own rights and powers and suspicious of any central national Indeed, it is probably because the Electoral College was Irrelevant", "Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic", "It's Time to End the Electoral College: Here's how", "Every Vote Equal: A State-Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote", "The Electoral College Votes Against Equality", "The electoral college badly distorts the vote. Others felt that such a procedure would invite unseemly political bargaining, corruption, and perhaps even interference from foreign powers. The Constitution gave each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of its membership in the Senate (two to each state, the “senatorial” electors) and its delegation in the House of Representatives (currently ranging from one to 52 Members). This avoided a party-run legislature or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election. All Rights Reserved. He also used the term "deliberate". Historian Alexander Keyssar discusses issues related to race and our electoral system, among many other topics, in his substantial new treatise “Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?,” published at the end of July. Emeritus Professor of Government, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. president rather than casting two votes for president with the runner-up being made vice had nevertheless been building them privately. Any semblance of elector independence has been fully wiped out. The remaining states use a variety of methods, including nomination by the governor (on recommendation of party committees), by primary election, and by the party’s presidential nominee. This was similar to how states are currently separated into congressional districts. presidential candidate has to be from a State other than that of the Electors. [160][161] Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system, it is generally presumed that candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get-out-the-vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using finite campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered "safe" for themselves or their opponents, respectively. Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials, media organizations, and the Federal Election Commission, the people only indirectly elect the president. In the general ticket, the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector, a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill. The 12th Amendment replaced this system with separate ballots for President and Vice President, with electors casting a single vote for each office. States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country. [142] In January 2010, a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner-take-all system;[143] the bill died in committee in March 2011. [211] The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections. Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan: "the election of Presidential Electors by districts, is an amendment very proper to be brought forward," Madison told George Hay in 1823. The word "pair" was defined as "two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of president and vice president. By making federal government were specifically prohibited from serving as an Elector in order to Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Alexander Hamilton. The Electoral College is a body of electors established by the United States Constitution, which forms every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president of the United States. Currently, there are 100 senators and 435 state representatives. Based on the 2010 census, each representative represented on average 711,000 individuals. The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election. ", "These 3 Common Arguments For Preserving the Electoral College Are All Wrong", "The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections", "Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors", "PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS FOR D. C. TWENTY-THIRD AMENDMENT", "Millions of Americans can't vote for president because of where they live", "Puerto Rico: At the center of a political storm, but can its residents vote for president? In many states, political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings. Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states. The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president, which follows a similar pattern. [203], On August 14, 1970, the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Initially, state legislatures chose the electors in many of the states. Op-Chart", "Problems with the Electoral College – Fairvote", "Electoral College Mischief, The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2004", "National Popular Vote – Electoral college reform by direct election of the President", "Your candidate got more of the popular vote? These intermediaries wouldn’t be picked by Congress or elected by the people. If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise, or abridge that right, she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion. Under that system, the adult male citizens of Rome were divided, Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at-large or winner-takes-all voting. Then on Election Day, the voters select a ticket and thereby select the associated electors. [48], By 1800, Virginia and Rhode Island voted at large; Kentucky, Maryland, and North Carolina voted popularly by district; and eleven states voted by state legislature. Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY, left) shakes hands with Senator Bob Bennett (R-UT) after the electoral votes from the 2008 presidential elections were counted and certified in the House Chamber in the U.S. Capitol January 8, 2009. Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system", "Brown learns he can't serve as Kerry elector, steps down", "Appointment of 2020 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States", "Planning to write in Paul Ryan or Bernie Sanders? the fears in play at the time. [214][215] Unlike the Bayh–Celler amendment, with its 40% threshold for election, these proposals do not require a candidate to achieve a certain percentage of votes to be elected.[216][217][218]. [197], Representative Emanuel Celler (D–New York), chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681, a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote. If there are no objections or all objections are overruled, the presiding officer simply includes a state's votes, as declared in the certificate of vote, in the official tally. Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution. Thus, a state may gain or lose electors following reapportionment, but it always retains its two “senatorial” electors, and at least one more reflecting its House delegation.Popular Election of Electors. That piece of the history is well known. Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised, although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States, Al Gore. [164] If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote, in contrast, campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere. In some states, such as Oklahoma, Virginia, and North Carolina, electors are nominated in party conventions. Ballot formats vary between the states: in New Jersey for example, the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card; in North Carolina, the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card. Brian D. Humes, et al. Today, most electors are bound to vote for their party’s candidate. Then Andrew Jackson won in 1828, but that second campaign would also have been lost if the count in the Electoral College were by citizen-only apportionment. Electoral College FAQ (www.archives.gov), Historical Documents on the Electoral College, The Green Papers: More detailed description of reform proposals, The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections, Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count, Voter Turnout Data – United States Election Project, The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections – Congressional Research Service, Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act, Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act, Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era, elections in which the winner lost the popular vote, Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations, Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Electoral_College&oldid=983893478, History of voting rights in the United States, Articles with dead external links from September 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from May 2017, Articles with dead external links from January 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020, Articles with failed verification from July 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2020, Articles with failed verification from March 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine**, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Alaska, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, Wyoming.
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