After this, Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers, water pipes and the London Underground. Sometimes, the parents had to suffer through the deaths of their children. [157] He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands, instruments, and dressings with a phenol solution and in 1869, he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery. There were 4,065 arrests for criminal offenses in 1805, tripling to 14,437 in 1835 and doubling to 31,309 in 1842 in England and Wales.[167]. Western nations completed this transition by the early 1900s. "[70], On the practical side, the food-preserving effect of low temperatures had long been recognised. Such practical concerns continued through the next two centuries. He achieved the first international wireless transmission between England and France in 1900 and by the following year, he succeeded in sending messages in Morse code across the Atlantic. The engineers and businessmen needed to create and finance a railway system were available; they knew how to invent, to build, and to finance a large complex system. It became increasingly dominated by research in basic science. By 1880 football was no longer the preserve of the social elite, as it attracted large working-class audiences. Sports by 1900 generated some three percent of the total gross national product. In the same graph he used the slopes of lines to indicate the tax burden of a given population. Too many people were sick and dying. By 1850, rates had fallen to a penny a ton mile for coal, at speeds of up to fifty miles an hour. In fact, it can be traced all the way back to the Hellenistic Civilization. The emergence of photography, showcased at the Great Exhibition, resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen Victoria being the first British monarch to be photographed. Particularly in Britain and the United States, this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds, butterflies, seashells (malacology/conchology), beetles and wildflowers. Middle-class reformers did their best to assist the working classes' aspirations to middle-class norms of "respectability". [172] The British penal system underwent a transition from harsh punishment to reform, education, and training for post-prison livelihoods. The principal reformer was Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, the chair of the Prison Commission.[173][174]. He thus recommended boiling water before use. Employers typically were paternalistic and generally recognised the trade unions. The early Victorian era before the reforms of the 1840s became notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. It is likely to be affected mainly by changes in the age distribution of the population. Average attendance was 5000 in 1905, rising to 23,000 in 1913. Moïse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la mer rouge, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plague_Songs&oldid=918311072, Short description is different from Wikidata, Album articles lacking alt text for covers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 September 2019, at 01:47.
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